Two Penguins

1909

Meeting Modigliani

In 1909 the collector Paul Alexandre introduces Brâncuși to Amedeo Modigliani; the two become friends, and the Italian draws his portrait in black and red pencil that year. From 1909 to 1914 Modigliani works chiefly in sculpture, and his elongated limestone heads, with simplified forms and polished surfaces, are related to Brâncuși’s sculpture.

1910s

“Mobile groups”: rearranging the sculptures

During the 1910s Brâncuși arranges sculptures and pedestals in changing compositions that he calls “mobile groups”: he moves the works and watches how each change alters the space around them. When he sells a sculpture he often puts a plaster version in the same position, and by the 1920s the studio is also an exhibition space whose arrangement forms part of the work.

autumn 1912

The Grand Palais aviation show with Duchamp and Léger

In the fall of 1912 Brâncuși visits an aviation exhibition at the Grand Palais with Marcel Duchamp and Fernand Léger; the three stop before an airplane propeller, and its mechanical precision leads them into a conversation about machine-made forms and the direction sculpture might take. In May of that year he had rented a second studio at 47 rue du Montparnasse, across from the first.

17 February 1913

The Armory Show in New York: five sculptures

In December 1912 the Armory Show organisers Arthur Bowen Davies, Walt Kuhn and Walter Pach visit Paris in search of works; the catalogue lists five sculptures by Brâncuși — “The Kiss”, “Sleeping Muse”, “A Muse”, “Mademoiselle Pogany” and “Torso”. The exhibition opens in New York on 17 February 1913 and travels to Chicago and Boston; his compact forms provoke laughter, caricatures and arguments in the press, and “Mademoiselle Pogany” is compared to an egg.