The Fruit Sellers

1840

Invents the calotype

Talbot found a way to print any number of positives on salted paper from a paper negative; new chemicals cut the exposure to a minute in bright sunlight. He called the method the “calotype” (from kalos, beautiful), informally the “talbotype”: unlike the daguerreotype with its single positive, it effectively created modern photography.

1840–1841

Post: High Sheriff of Wiltshire

1840s

Photomechanics: the road to photogravure

In the 1840s Talbot turned to the photomechanical reproduction of pictures; this work led to photoglyphic engraving, the precursor of photogravure. Rendering a photograph in printer’s ink made editions cheaper and avoided the fading of early silver prints.

February 1841

Patents the calotype

Talbot obtained an English patent for the calotype process and sold licences at £20 each, later lowering the fee for amateurs to £4 while professionals paid up to £300 a year; scientists saw it as a hindrance to scientific freedom. He justified his rigour by the roughly £5,000 he had spent on photography; for science the method was free, and Talbot himself published the first known photomicrograph of a mineral crystal.

August 1841

First licence goes to the miniaturist Henry Collen

Having announced the calotype, in August Talbot licensed the miniature painter Henry Collen, who became the first professional calotypist. The most celebrated practitioners of the process were Hill & Adamson.

1844–1846

“The Pencil of Nature”, the first photobook, appears

Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans issued the book in separate parts: 24 prints, each pasted in by hand and accompanied by a short text. Talbot is regarded as the author of the first photographic book; scholars see in it the design of a new canon built on biblical rhetoric.