Golden Bird

1910s

“Mobile groups”: rearranging the sculptures

During the 1910s Brâncuși arranges sculptures and pedestals in changing compositions that he calls “mobile groups”: he moves the works and watches how each change alters the space around them. When he sells a sculpture he often puts a plaster version in the same position, and by the 1920s the studio is also an exhibition space whose arrangement forms part of the work.

1915–1917

The First World War: a refusal to serve

Brâncuși stays in Paris after the outbreak of World War I; in 1915 he donates works to an exhibition at Bernheim-Jeune that raises money for Polish artists affected by the war. As a Romanian citizen he remains liable for military service, but he refuses to serve in 1916 and receives a permanent exemption on 8 November 1917.

1919

Meeting Erik Satie

The writer Henri-Pierre Roché brings the composer Erik Satie, exactly ten years older than Brâncuși, to his studio together with Marcel Duchamp, beginning a friendship that lasts from 1919 to 1925. After dinner Brâncuși plays the violin for his guest, and Satie, in Roché’s words, teaches him verbal fencing, self-belief and clarity of thought.

1920

“Princess X” excluded from the Salon des Indépendants

In January 1920 the organizers of the Salon des Indépendants exclude “Princess X” (1915–1916) because they regard its shape as phallic. Fernand Léger and other friends of Brâncuși protest, the sculpture is returned to the exhibition, and the dispute leads to the manifesto “Pour l’indépendance de l’art”, signed by more than seventy artists and writers; Erik Satie signed the protest petition on 25 February 1920.

1921

Man Ray and the darkroom

Brâncuși, who has photographed his work since the 1910s, meets Man Ray in 1921, who helps him buy equipment, set up a darkroom and improve his developing methods. He photographs the sculptures under changing light, alters his framing and documents the relationships between the works and the surrounding space; he also films his studio and sculptures mounted on rotating bases.

September 1921

A Brâncuși issue of “The Little Review”

In September 1921 the American magazine “The Little Review” publishes an issue devoted to Brâncuși, with an essay by Ezra Pound and 24 photographic plates showing sculptures and views of the studio.