Tipi Cover

The artist included the successes of his father, Red Hail, his son Pheží, Two Bulls, and, on the far left of the tipi, the great Húnkpapȟa leader Tȟatȟáƞka Íyotake Sitting Bull. The top left illustration shows the sorrowful death of Hé Núƞpa Waníča’s beloved horse, with red blood stains spilling from his many gunshot wounds. At the middle center is a depiction of Red Bow, captured by United States General Alfred Sully at the Battle of Whitestone in 1863, a tragic point in Dakhóta and Minnesota history.

War broke out in 1862 in southwest Minnesota between Dakhóta warriors and white settlers, a result of promised rations being withheld from the Dakhóta after treaties were made and then broken by the United States government. Starving, some young Dakhóta warriors raided local white settlements in search of food. When the government responded, a chain of events led to hangings and Dakhóta people being imprisoned or fleeing to safety among their Lakȟóta relatives to the west. Those captured, like Red Bow, became prisoners of war and were executed or placed in concentration camps at Bdóte, or Fort Snelling. Despite these horrors, Hé Núƞpa Waníča or No Two horns chose to largely celebrate the great accomplishments and sheer power of Lakȟóta warriors, a formidable force on the Great Plains.