Kneeling Shepherd with Sheep

The torso curves, rather than bends, at the waist, away from the ram and down to the knees; the feet are simply rendered, with some attempt to indicate the toes, which are realistically slightly curved to accommodate the kneeling position. The shepherd wears some kind of tube-like covering on his calves with a raised band at the top and bottom. It is unclear if these are boots or merely leg coverings. His main clothing is somewhat confused: he either wears a short, one shouldered tunic with a double hem, or a short-sleeved tunic with a shorter, one-shouldered tunic over it. The line all the way around the neck supports the former rather than the latter. Over his tunic or tunics, he wears a thick band or baldric that binds what appears to be a version of the typical Sardinian dagger to his back, which is an unusual location. The shepherd is connected to a U-shaped support, forked at each end where it attaches to his knees and feet.

The ram is modeled in the round and is not typical of the other known Sardinian rams (1). It has two curving horns, a lean body, and a small tail. The fore and hind hooves are bound, as shown by bands rendered above the man’s fists. There are faint bands visible on the neck and back of the ram that might be a very simple representation of wool.

Several issues with this object seem to indicate that it is not actually ancient. The only other extant kneeling Sardinian bronze is a part of the wrestler group at the Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Cagliari (2). In fact, Harvard’s shepherd seems to be a copy of the kneeling wrestler in Cagliari, although with slight variations, such as the placement of the daggers on the two pieces. The Cagliari wrestler wears his dagger on the front of his torso, as does 1952.30, while Harvard’s shepherd wears his on his back, which is a decidedly non-typical placement. The Cagliari wrestler also has slightly different leggings, and his feet are not connected to a U-shaped support, which seems to be unique to the Harvard bronze.

Groups of shepherds carrying sheep are known, but they typically show the sheep draped over the shoulders of the standing man (3), making the hold and body position of this bronze unique for a shepherd group. Additionally, none of the known shepherds is depicted wearing daggers at all. Finally, of the 129 Sardinian copper alloy objects published by M. S. Balmuth and R. H. Tykot in 2002, only one other object aside from the Harvard bronze contains a significant amount of zinc (J. Paul Getty Museum, inv. no. 75.AK.110, which has 2.53% zinc), making the 15% zinc detected in two separate samples of the Harvard piece quite suspicious (4).

If the Harvard bronze is fake, the human portion was probably inspired by the wrestler group in Cagliari but was modified to put a ram in the place of the other wrestler. At this point, there is nothing clearly indicating it may be a pastiche. Overall, the metallurgical, art historical, and technical observations point to this object being either entirely or almost entirely a modern fake.

NOTES:

1. Compare the rams, deer, and mufflons in G. Lilliu, Sculture della Sardegna nuragica (Cagliari, 1966) 334-42, nos. 216-26.

2. Lilliu 1966 (supra 1) 56-57, no. 10.

3. J. Thimme, ed., Kunst und Kultur Sardiniens vom Neolithikum bis zum Ende der Nuraghenzeit, exh. cat., Badisches Landesmuseum Karlsruhe; Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte der Staatlichen Museen Preussischer Kulturbesitz, Berlin (Karlsruhe, 1980) 389-90, nos. 129-31.

4. See Chemical Composition, and M. S. Balmuth and R. H. Tykot, “Recipes for Sardinian Bronzes,” in From the Parts to the Whole: Acta of the 13th International Bronze Congress, held at Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 28 - June 1, 1996, eds. C. C. Mattusch, A Brauer, and S. E. Knudsen (Portsmouth, RI, 2002) 2: 20-26. The Harvard group was analyzed by J. Riederer in 1979, when it was part of a private collection, and again in 2002.

Lisa M. Anderson