Chrysanthemum

In China, flowers and birds were ubiquitous motifs in art. The endurance and resonance of these motifs arose not only from their natural beauty, but also through their cultural associations. The blossoms of chrysanthemum flowers embody purity. Among the last blooms of autumn, they were often regarded as a symbol of a scholarly recluse. Together with the orchid, the plum blossom, and bamboo they comprised a grouping known as the Four Gentlemen. The flower is a favored motif among literati artists. Qi Baishi, one of the greatest Chinese painters in modern history, executed the flowers in mogu or boneless style and the leaves and blossoms are rendered without outline. The mixture of pure ink and red pigment translates the chrysanthemum's aesthetic of lofty elegance into a chaste and royal image.