Quarantania, III

1940s

A turn to sculpture under the influence of the Surrealists

In the 1940s Bourgeois concentrated on sculpture, and she was strongly influenced by the influx of European Surrealist artists who emigrated to the United States after the Second World War. At first her sculptures consisted of groups of abstract, organic forms, often carved from wood.

1949

First exhibition of her sculptures

In 1949 the first exhibition of Bourgeois’s sculptures was held.

1950s

The turn from wood to marble, plaster and bronze

Working with the American Abstract Artists group, Bourgeois moved from wood and upright structures to marble, plaster and bronze as she investigated fear, vulnerability and loss of control. The transition was a turning point.

1982

First retrospective at the Museum of Modern Art

In 1982 the Museum of Modern Art in New York held Bourgeois’s first retrospective; she was seventy, and until then had been a peripheral figure whose work was more admired than acclaimed. The New York Times wrote that her work was charged with tenderness and violence, acceptance and defiance.

1982

The text “Child Abuse” in Artforum

In 1982 Bourgeois wrote a text for Artforum titled “Child Abuse”, in which she defined her artistic concepts almost entirely in terms of childhood trauma.

1993

Represents the United States at the Venice Biennale

In 1993 Bourgeois represented the United States at the 45th Venice Biennale; the American pavilion showed “Louise Bourgeois: Recent Work”.