Aux Fortifications

1915–1923

Turning to etching

At an impasse over his oil paintings, in 1915 Hopper turns to etching; by 1923 he has produced most of his approximately 70 etchings, many of them urban scenes of Paris and New York, as well as some posters for the war effort.

early 1920s

His etchings gain recognition

During the early 1920s Hopper's etchings begin to receive public recognition; they express some of his later themes: a couple in silence (“Night on the El Train”), a solitary female (“Evening Wind”) and a simple nautical scene (“The Catboat”).

summer 1923

Gloucester: meeting Josephine again, and the watercolours

In the summer of 1923, on a painting trip to Gloucester, Hopper re-encounters the artist Josephine Nivison; with her encouragement he turns to watercolour, producing numerous scenes of Gloucester. They marry a year later, with the artist Guy Pène du Bois as best man.

1923

The Brooklyn Museum buys “The Mansard Roof”

With Josephine's help six of Hopper's Gloucester watercolours are admitted to an exhibit at the Brooklyn Museum, and one of them, “The Mansard Roof”, is bought by the museum for its permanent collection for $100; the critics generally rave about his work.

1924

Every watercolour sold: farewell to illustration

At a one-man show with his dealer Frank Rehn in 1924 Hopper sells all his watercolours and finally decides to put illustration behind him; his financial stability will let him live a simple, stable life and keep creating art in his personal style for four more decades.

9 luglio 1924

Married: Josephine Hopper