Zebu (Humped Bull): on view at Harvard Art Museums

This solidly built zebu is portrayed with a slightly greater degree of detail than 1969.177.24. Viewed frontally, its central hump rises up behind the head, framed by the inwardly curving arc of the round, pointed horns. In profile, the hump appears almost wing-like, extending high above the body and curving slightly backwards. The head is roughly triangular in form, terminating in a blunt muzzle with a horizontal striation to mark the mouth. No eyes are indicated, but small ears protrude from the sides of the head just beneath the horns. A dewlap, hanging from the throat, creates a diagonal profile. Through the body runs a small hole, just large enough for wire to pass through. Male genitalia are represented on the underside, prominently visible in profile. The rump and hindquarters are portrayed as extending unnaturally beyond the top and sides of the body. A short tail, outlined by a groove, is depicted in relief.

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This horned and humped quadruped figure, along with 1969.177.24, represents a mature zebu, a domesticated species of Asiatic cattle (Bovis indicus) that can reach up to 10 feet in height. Zebus, used primarily as draft animals, are known for their resistance to heat, pestilence, and insects. Commonly used in Africa and the Asian monsoon belt, they are ideally suited to the Caspian region of Iran, which, situated between the Elburz Mountains and the sea, is a fertile lowland whose warm, sultry climate supports yearlong cultivation.

Copper alloy zebu figurines and pendants have been excavated from graves dated to the late second to early first millennia BCE at the site of Marlik in northwest Iran, which is just south of the Caspian Sea (1). Of all the types of animal figurines found at this site, zebus are most numerously represented. Some were found in pairs in association with model plows, alluding to their use as draft animals. A number of large hollow ceramic “vessels” in the form of zebus were also found in the graves. If these vessels are interpreted as ritual objects, they suggest zebus may have had some sacred association.

The motivations for depositing these figurines in graves and their possible symbolic meaning can only be inferred. The exaggeration of potent features such as the horns, hump, and genitalia may refer to power and strength. Some ceramic figurines of rams and stags are also given a hump, revealing the fascination with, if not the culturally significant value, of this feature. Zebus’ heartiness in harsh environmental conditions and their clear association with agriculture may suggest that they are linked to notions of earthly fecundity.

In addition to finds at the site of Marlik, comparable collections of zebu figurines and pendants have reportedly been retrieved throughout the western Caspian region of Iran, Russia, and Azerbaijan (2). An apparently shared tradition of iconography may point to a more or less cohesive cultural zone based on a shared environment in which zebus played a prominent role.