Woman in Evolution

1933

Nazi harassment, a house search and dismissal

When the Nazis came to power a campaign of persecution was launched against Klee: the press called him a “typical Galician Jew”, his flat in Dessau was searched, and in Düsseldorf he was barred from work until he produced documents proving Aryan descent. He was forced to give up his professorship.

late 1933

Emigration to Switzerland

At the end of 1933, at his wife’s insistence, Klee left Germany and returned to Bern. He applied for Swiss citizenship, but a positive answer came only after his death.

1935

A large exhibition in Bern: 273 works

A large Klee exhibition in Bern showed 273 works.

1935

The first signs of scleroderma

In 1935, two years after moving to Switzerland, signs of scleroderma were found in Klee — an autoimmune disease that hardens connective tissue; it later proved fatal and made swallowing very difficult. The pain he endured seems to be reflected in his late works.

1936–1939

From 25 works in 1936 to 1,254 in 1939

After falling ill Klee turned to simpler, larger designs with heavier lines, geometric forms and fewer, larger blocks of colour, and his output rose: about 25 works in 1936, 264 in 1937, 489 in 1938 and 1,254 in 1939, a career high. His health recovered somewhat and he was encouraged by a visit from Kandinsky and Picasso.

1937

Seventeen works in the “Degenerate Art” show

The Nazis included 17 of Klee’s pictures in the propaganda exhibition “Degenerate Art” in Munich and seized 102 of his works from German public collections. Material from Prinzhorn’s anthology on the art of the mentally ill was also presented at the exhibition, to defame Kirchner, Klee, Nolde and others by likening their work to that of the insane.