Ricinus communis L.

In China, foreigners were confined to the island of Macao and allowed into Canton only when their ships were in port. Consequently collectors and botanists commissioned paintings of Chinese plants from native artists in the trading ports. Although China had a long tradition of naturalistic flower painting the Chinese artists were given examples of European illustration to copy and were trained in the western conventions of botanical drawing. They were adept copyists, but the Chinese drawings always retain a distinctive character that makes them unmistakable. The modelling of the forms is always rather solid, and done in two contrasting flat tones. The native Chinese style of painting involved abstraction and idealization of natural forms; when following Western instruction to give precise details in order that the plant might be identified and classified, the Chinese artist gave a literal transcripton of the individual specimen with all its unique features.